LNG: promising areas of application and problems of transportation over long distances


Аuthors

Kuzma-Kichta Y. A.1*, Glazkov V. V.2**, Ivanov Y. V.3, Satarou Y. 3*

1. National Research University “Moscow Power Engineering Institute”, 14, Krasnokazarmennaya str., Moscow, 111250 Russia
2. Moscow Power Engineering Institute (National Research University), 14, Krasnokazarmennaja St., Moscow, 111250, Russia
3. Center of Applied Superconductivity and Sustainable Energy Research, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan

*e-mail: kuzma@itf.mpei.ac.ru
**e-mail: VVGlazkov@gmail.com

Abstract

The problems of LNG transportation over long distances by sea and rail, as well as by pipeline are examined. The opinion was advanced that currently the LNG railway transport advantages in Russia are substantially undervalued. Thus, transportation of 55 billion cubic meters (25 million tons) of natural gas per year (the power of the Nord Stream-2 project) would require the railways let pass additionally no more than 20 LNG train pairs per 24 hours. It corresponds to the throughput of only one single track railway. In reality, transportation of the additional 25 million tons of LNG by the railway would not require any radical railway infrastructure modernization. The authors estimated the cost of cryogenic containers-cisterns, required for 25 million tons of LNG transportation. It is three times less than the cost of “Nord Stream-2” pipeline laying. The article considers prospective areas for the LNG employing, primarily, for transport and as an aircraft fuel. It was demonstrated that transition to the LNG makes even rather old airliner, adapted to the LNG, economically beneficial. The prospects of creating hybrid energy systems when pumping LNG through cryogenic cooling channels of superconducting cables are discussed. The well-known methods for hydraulic resistance reduction of such cryogenic channels, allowing pumping LNG over considerable distances are described. The conclusion was made that adding thin fibers to the flow, as well as adding ice crystals to the liquid flow (cryogenic ice gruel) might be effective for the cryogenic temperatures. These additives are similar to the anti-turbulent admixtures used at higher temperatures. It is concluded that at cryogenic temperatures drag reducing agents usually used in petroleum pipelines cannot be used. A suggestion was made that pumping of LNG in the form of cryogenic gruel, containing ice needles with aspect ratio (l/d) within the range of 25-35 would be most effective.

Keywords:

LNG, transportation, cryogenic cable, hydraulic resistance, surface modification, anti-turbulent additives, gruel, fibers

References

  1. Romashov M.A., Sytnikov V.E., Shakarian Y.G., Ivanov Y.V. Prospects of long-distance HTS DC power transmission systems. J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 2014, no. 507, paper 032037.

  2. Thomas H., Marian A., Chervyakov A., Stückrad S., Salmieri D., Rubbia C. Superconducting transmission lines - Sustainable electric energy transfer with higher public acceptance? Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 2016, vol. 55, pp. 59–72.

  3. Sytnikov V.E., Bemert S.E., Kopylov S.I., Romashov M.A., Ryabin T.V., Shakaryan Y.G., Lobyntsev V.V. Status of HTS cable link project for St. Petersburg grid. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., 2015, vol. 25, no. 3, paper 5400904.

  4. Sytnikov V.E., Bemert S.E., Krivetsky I.V., Karpov V.N., Romashov M.A., Shakarian Yu.G., Nosov A.A., Fetisov S.S. The test results of AC and DC HTS cables in Russia. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., 2016, vol. 26, no. 3, paper 5401304.

  5. Yamaguchi S., Koshizuka H., Hayashi K., Sawamura T. Concept and design of 500 meter and 1000 meter DC superconducting power cables in Ishikari, Japan. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2015, vol. 25, no. 3, paper 5402504.

  6. Chikumoto N., Watanabe H., Ivanov Y. V., Takano H., Yamaguchi S., Koshizuka H., Hayashi K., Sawamura T. Construction and the circulation test of the 500-m and 1000-m DC superconducting power cables in Ishikari. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., 2016, vol. 26, no. 3, paper 5402204.

  7. Watanabe H., Ivanov Y. V., Chikumoto N., Takano H., Inoue N., Yamaguchi S., Ishiyama K., Oishi Z., Koshizuka H., Watanabe M., Masuda T., Hayashi K., Sawamura T. Cooling and liquid nitrogen circulation of the 1000 m class superconducting DC power transmission system in Ishikari. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., 2017, vol. 27, no. 4-2, paper 5400205.

  8. Morandi A. HTS dc transmission and distribution: concepts, applications and benefits. Supercond. Sci. Technol., 2015, vol. 28, no. 12, paper 123001.

  9. Kostyuk V.V., Blagov E.V., Antyukhov I.V., Firsov V.P., Vysotsky V.S., Nosov A.A., Fetisov S.S., Zanegin S.Y., Svalov G.G., Rachuk V.S., Katorgin B.I. Cryogenic design and test results of 30-m flexible hybrid energy transfer line with liquid hydrogen and superconducting MgB2 cable. Cryogenics, 2015, vol. 66, pp. 34–42.

  10. Panel session "The Asian Energy Ring. Are Politicians and Energy Companies Ready?". Eastern Economic Forum. Vladivostok, Russia, Sept. 6–7, 2017.

  11. Romashov M.A., Sytnikov V.E., Shakarian Y.G., Ivanov Y.V. Prospects of long-distance HTS DC power transmission systems. J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 2014, vol. 507, paper 032037.

  12. Li X.-M., Reinhoudt D., Crego-Calama M. What do we need for superhydrophobic surface? A review on the recent progress in the preparation of superhydrophobic surfaces. J. Chem. Soc. Rev., 2007, vol. 36, no.  8, pp. 1350–1368. DOI 1:10.1039/b602486f

  13. Kaneko K., Hasegawa M., Matsumoto S., Ozaki K., Nariai H., Maki H., Yabe A. Drag reduction on ultra small-scale concave-convex surface. Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers B, 2000, vol. 66, pp. 1085–1090. DOI 10.1299/kikaib.66.1085

  14. Kim, J., Kim, C. J. Nanostructured surfaces for dramatic reduction of flow resistance in droplet-based microfluidics. Proceedings of the IEEE Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS), 2002, pp. 479–482. DOI: 10.1109/MEMSYS.2002.984306

  15. Ryzhenkov V.A., Sedlov, A.S., Ryzhenkov A.V. O vozmozhnosti snizheniya gidravlicheskogo so protivleniya truboprovodov sistem teplosnabzheniya [A way of reducing the hydraulic resistance of pipelines of the heat supply systems]. Energosberezhenie i Vodopodgotovka – Energy Saving and Water Treatment, 2007, no. 5(49), pp. 22–26. In Russ.

  16. Choi C.-H., Johan K., Westin A., Breuer K.S. Apparent slip flows in hydrophilic and hydrophobic microchannels. Phys. Fluids, 2003, vol. 15, no. 10, pp. 2897–2902. DOI: 10.1063/1.1605425

  17. Ou J., Rothstein J. P. Direct velocity measurements of the flow past drag-reducing ultrahydrophobic surfaces. Phys. Fluids, 2005, vol. 17, paper 103606.

  18. Karatay E., Haase A.S.,. Visser C.W, Sun C., Lohse D., Tsai P.A., Lammertnik R.G.H. Control of slippage with tunable bubble mattresses. Proc. Nat. Acad.Sci., 2013, vol. 110, pp. 8422–8426.

  19. Rothstein J.P. Slip on superhydrophobic surfaces. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 2010, vol. 42, pp. 89–109.

  20. Byun D., Kim J., Ko H.S., Park H.C. Direct measurement of slip flows in superhydrophobic microchannels with transverse grooves. Phys. Fluids, 2008, vol. 20, no. 11, p. 113601.

  21. Ajaev V.S., Gatapova E.Y., Kabov O.A. Rupture of thin liquid films on structured surfaces. Phys. Rev. E, 2011, vol. 84, no. 4, p. 041606.

  22. Ketelaar C. Stability of electrolyte films on structured surfaces. Interfacial Phenomena and Heat Transfer, 2014, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 181–198. DOI:10.1615/InterfacPhenomHeatTransfer.2014011671

  23. Kramer M.O. Boundary layer stabilization by distributed damping. J. Aeron. Sci., 1957, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 459–460.

  24. Kramer M.O. The dolphins’ secret. New Sci., 1960, vol. 7, no. 181, pp. 1118–1120.

  25. Truong V.-T. Drag Reduction Technologies. Maritime Platforms Division Aeronautical and Maritime Research Laboratory. DSTO-GD-0290. Commonwealth of Australia 2001 AR-011-925. June 2001.

  26. Li Wen, Weaver J.C., Lauder G.V. Biomimetic shark skin: design, fabrication and hydrodynamic function. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 2014, vol. 217, no. 10, pp. 1656-1666. DOI:10.1242/jeb.097097

  27. Dean B., Bhushan B. Shark-skin surfaces for fluid-drag reduction in turbulent flow. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A, 2010, vol. 368, iss. 1929, pp. 4775–4806. DOI:10.1098/rsta.2010.0201

  28. Belousov Yu.P. Protivoturbulentnye prisadki dlya uglevodorodnykh zhidkostej [Anti-turbulent additives for hydrocarbon fluids]. Moscow: Nauka, 1986. 144 p. In Russ.

  29. Grabowski D.W. Drag reduction in pipe flows with polymer additives. PhD Thesis. Rochester Institute of Technology. 1990.

  30. Tandon P.N., Kulshreshtha A.K., Agarwal R. Rheological study of laminar-turbulent transition in drag-reducing polymeric solutions. Slippage and Drag Phenomena, 1988, pp. 460–461.

  31. Virk P-S. Drag reduction fundamentals. AIChE J., 1975, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 625-656.

  32. Radin I. Solid-fluid Drag Reduction. Ph.D. thesis. University of Missouri-Rolla, 1974.

  33. Radin I., Zakin J.L., Patterson G.K. Drag reduction in solid-fluid systems. AIChE Journal, 1975, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 358–371.

  34. Lee P.F.W., Duffy G.G. Relationships between velocity profiles and drag reduction in turbulent fiber suspension flow. AIChE Journal, 1976. vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 750–753.

  35. Lee W.K., Vaseleski R.C., Metzner G.B. Turbulent drag reduction in polymeric solutions containing suspended fibers. AIChE Journal, 1974, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 128–133.

  36. Kale D.D., Metzner A.B. Turbulent drag reduction in fiber polymer systems: specificity considerations. AIChE Journal, 1974, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 1218–1219.

  37. Shenoy A.V. A review on drag reduction with special reference to micellar systems. Colloid & Polymer Science, 1984, vol. 262, no. 4, pp. 319–337.

  38. Ohira K. Development of a high-efficiency hydrogen transportation and storage system using slush hydrogen. Proc. ICEC 23-ICMC 2010, Wroclaw; Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wroclawskiej. 2011, pp. 269–274.

  39. Ohira K. Pressure drop reduction phenomenon of slush nitrogen flow in a horizontal pipe. Cryogenics, 2011, vol. 51, no. 7, pp.389–396. doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2011.04.001

  40. Ohira K, Nakagomi K, Takahashi N. Pressure-drop reduction and heat-transfer deterioration of slush nitrogen in horizontal pipe flow. Cryogenics, 2011, vol. 51, n. 10, pp. 563–574. doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2011.07.008

  41. Dzyubenko B.V., Kuzma-Kichta Yu.A., Leontiev A.I., Fedik I.I., Kholpanov L.P. Intensification of Heat and Mass Transfer on Macro-, Micro-, and Nanoscales. Begell, 2016. 630 p.

mai.ru — informational site of MAI

Copyright © 2009-2024 by MAI